In today’s digital era, selecting the right computer system architecture is crucial for ensuring the seamless operation of any organization. As a systems architect, it is essential to analyze and evaluate different architectures to align them with a company’s specific needs. This paper explores the key characteristics, use cases, advantages, and limitations of three primary architectures: peer-to-peer, client/server, and web-based computing. Finally, a suitable architecture will be recommended for an imaginary company, considering its operational requirements. The effectiveness of this choice depends not only on the selected architecture but also on the network infrastructure and communication protocols that support it.
Peer-to-Peer Architecture
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture is a decentralized computing model where each device (or peer) in the network holds equal status, functioning as both a client and a server (Rouse, 2023). Unlike client-server architectures, which rely on a central authority, P2P networks enable direct resource sharing—whether it be files, processing power, or bandwidth—without requiring a centralized server. This approach is particularly advantageous in scenarios that prioritize cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and scalability.
Key Characteristics
A defining trait of P2P architecture is its inherent scalability. As the network expands, each new peer contributes additional resources, distributing the workload more efficiently. Furthermore, its decentralized nature eliminates a single point of failure, enhancing system reliability and network resilience.
Use Cases
Peer-to-peer networks are widely used in various applications, including:
- File-sharing platforms (e.g., BitTorrent)
- Collaborative computing environments (e.g., distributed computing projects)
- Cryptocurrency networks (e.g., Bitcoin blockchain)
This architecture proves especially beneficial when a centralized infrastructure is impractical or cost-prohibitive. However, its decentralized nature also introduces challenges, such as security vulnerabilities and performance degradation as the network size increases.
Client/Server Architecture
Client/server architecture follows a structured computing model where tasks and processes are distributed between two distinct entities: clients and servers. Clients, typically end-user devices like computers or smartphones, request services, while servers—which are centralized units—process these requests and return the required data. This division of labor optimizes efficiency, security, and resource management in an organized system.
How Client/Server Architecture Works
In this model, clients and servers communicate over a network to exchange data (VASAV, 2023). The server is responsible for managing resources, databases, applications, and security policies, making it a preferred choice for businesses requiring centralized control and data management.
Advantages of Client/Server Architecture
- Centralized Security – All data and applications reside on secure servers, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
- Efficient Resource Management – Computing power is concentrated in the server, reducing the burden on client devices.
- Scalability – Organizations can add new clients without overhauling the entire infrastructure.
Challenges and Considerations
Despite its benefits, client/server architecture has potential drawbacks, such as:
- Single Point of Failure – If the server crashes, the entire system may become inaccessible.
- Scalability Concerns – As the number of clients increases, server load and response time may be affected.
This architecture is widely used in enterprise environments, banking systems, and web applications, where high security, centralized management, and reliability are essential.
Web-Based Computing
Web-based computing, commonly referred to as cloud computing, has revolutionized modern computer system architectures by eliminating traditional infrastructure constraints. Unlike peer-to-peer and client/server models, this architecture enables users to access computing resources, applications, and data storage over the internet rather than relying on local servers.
How Web-Based Computing Works
In web-based computing, services are hosted on remote servers and delivered to users via the internet (Afreen, 2023). These services can include:
- Cloud storage solutions (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox)
- Web applications (e.g., Google Docs, Microsoft 365)
- Remote computing power (e.g., AWS, Microsoft Azure)
This on-demand availability ensures scalability, cost-effectiveness, and seamless access from anywhere.
Advantages of Web-Based Computing
- Flexibility & Scalability – Resources can be easily adjusted based on demand.
- Reduced Infrastructure Costs – Businesses can avoid heavy investments in on-premises hardware.
- Accessibility & Collaboration – Users can access applications and data from any device with an internet connection.
Challenges and Considerations
Despite its many advantages, web-based computing comes with certain challenges:
- Dependence on Internet Connectivity – Downtime or poor connectivity can impact accessibility.
- Data Security & Privacy Risks – Sensitive data stored in the cloud may be vulnerable to cybersecurity threats.
- Compliance & Regulations – Organizations must ensure they adhere to data protection laws when storing user information remotely.
Due to its scalability, flexibility, and remote access, web-based computing is the backbone of modern business applications, SaaS platforms, and enterprise solutions.
Network and Protocols: The Backbone of Computer System Architectures
A well-structured network, backed by essential communication protocols, is the foundation of any computer system architecture. Each architecture—peer-to-peer, client/server, and web-based computing—relies on specific protocols to enable seamless data exchange, security, and efficiency.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture: Decentralized Communication
In peer-to-peer networks, devices communicate directly without a central server. This decentralized structure is supported by protocols designed for efficient file sharing, resource distribution, and redundancy:
- BitTorrent Protocol – Enables large-scale file sharing by breaking files into smaller chunks distributed across multiple peers.
- Gnutella Protocol – Allows decentralized searches and data retrieval across a distributed network.
These protocols ensure that each peer contributes to the network, reducing the risk of single points of failure.
Client/Server Architecture: Centralized Management
Client/server networks rely on structured communication between clients (user devices) and centralized servers. These architectures utilize well-defined protocols for data retrieval, messaging, and service requests:
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – The backbone of web communication, enabling clients to fetch resources from servers.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – Facilitates email transmission between clients and mail servers (Zenarmor, 2023).
These protocols enhance security and efficiency, making client/server models ideal for controlled IT environments.
Web-Based Computing: Cloud Communication & Security
As businesses transition to cloud-based services, security and efficiency in web-based computing depend on robust internet communication protocols:
- HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) – Encrypts data transfers, ensuring secure communication over the web.
- TLS (Transport Layer Security) – Protects sensitive data exchanged in cloud applications.
Beyond protocols, a strong network infrastructure—including routers, switches, LANs (Local Area Networks), and WANs (Wide Area Networks)—is critical for supporting scalability, reliability, and security across all architectures.
Recommendation and Implementation of Client/Server Architecture
After analyzing peer-to-peer, client/server, and web-based computing, the client/server model emerges as the optimal choice for our imaginary company. This architecture provides a structured, centralized system that balances security, efficiency, and scalability. By assigning dedicated roles to clients (user devices) and servers (centralized computing units), this model ensures controlled data management, streamlined communication, and optimized resource allocation.
Why Client/Server?
- Centralized Control – Enables efficient security enforcement, data integrity, and system-wide updates.
- Enhanced Security – Client authentication, access control mechanisms, and encryption ensure data confidentiality and integrity.
- Efficient Resource Management – Servers distribute workloads effectively, reducing client-side processing demands.
- Scalability – Suitable for growing organizations, supporting additional clients, databases, and applications.
Infrastructure & Implementation
Implementing a client/server architecture requires a robust network foundation:
- Communication Protocols – TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ensures reliable data exchange between clients and servers.
- Routers & Switches – Manage network traffic, improving data transmission speeds and efficiency.
- Local Area Networks (LANs) – Support internal communication, ensuring smooth operation within office premises.
- Wide Area Networks (WANs) – Connect geographically distributed branches, enabling seamless data sharing.
This comprehensive infrastructure, coupled with secure protocols and well-defined networking components, guarantees end-to-end functionality, reliability, and performance for the client/server model.
Conclusion
Choosing the right computer system architecture is crucial for any organization’s efficiency, security, and scalability. The peer-to-peer (P2P), client/server, and web-based computing models each offer unique advantages and trade-offs. After a thorough assessment, the client/server architecture stands out as the most suitable choice for our imaginary company, offering centralized control, efficient resource management, and enhanced security.
A robust supporting infrastructure, including communication protocols (TCP/IP), routers, switches, Local Area Networks (LANs), and Wide Area Networks (WANs), ensures the seamless implementation, integration, and reliability of this architecture. By adopting the client/server model, the organization can achieve scalability, streamlined communication, and optimized system performance—key factors in driving operational success.
References
Afreen, S. (2023, August 25). What Is Cloud Computing Architecture: Benefits, Components & More. Retrieved from simplilearn: https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cloud-computing-tutorial/cloud-computing-architecture
Rouse, M. (2023, October 30). Peer-to-Peer Architecture. Retrieved from techopedia: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/454/peer-to-peer-architecture-p2p-architecture
VASAV. (2023, October 20). Client Server Architecture: Types, Examples, & Benefits. Retrieved from redswitches: https://www.redswitches.com/blog/client-server-architecture/
Zenarmor. (2023, October 4). Client-Server Network: Definition, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Retrieved from zenarmor: https://www.zenarmor.com/docs/network-basics/what-is-client-server-network